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Lithium-Metal-Polymer (LMP)
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Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA)
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Implications for application
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Electrolyte
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Solid polymer
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Liquid or gel (H2SO4)
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Acid handling, spill containment, evaporation of liquid electrolyte
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Anode/Cathode Materials
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Lithium metal/Vanadium Oxide encapsulated in polymer
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Lead (Pb), Vanadium (V)
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Environmental & disposal issues
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Basic eletro-chemestry
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Metallic plating
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Chemical reaction
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System stability
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Secondary Charging Reactions
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None
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Hydrogen formation
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Venting requirements
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Aging Mechanism
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Change to cathode molecular bond structure
Linear & predictable degradation
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Accelerated positive plate corrosion, negative plate sulfation & electrolyte “dry-out”
Catastrophic decline after 20% degradation
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Regular Maintenance requirements; complex life prediction & monitoring requirements
Service outage risks
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Life degradation over 40ºC
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<25% per 10ºC
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-50% per 10ºC
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Outside plant cabinet, high temperature zone performance
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Capacity degradation over @<0ºC
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2-4%/ 10ºC
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9-25%/ 10ºC
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Outside plant cabinet, cold temperature performance
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Ehtreme ambient temperature risks:
- high Temp
- Low Temp
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No Risk
No Risk
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Thermal runaway
Freezing, Container Cracking
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Risk level for applications without climate control
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Energy Density
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157 Wh/1
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56-87 Wh/1
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Space optimization
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Specific energy
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129 Wh/1
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21-30 Wh/1
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Handling & cabinet structural requirements
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Float Current at normal operating temperature
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<1mA/1000AH @ 40ºC
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<50mA/1000AH @ 20ºC
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Shelf life
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2 years
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/5 years
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Inventory storage issues
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